Hypercholesterolemia Treatment Patterns and Lipid Target in ACS Patients: HYDRA-ACS Registry

The multicenter HYDRA-ACS registry provided insights into current treatment situation of hyperlipidemia after acute coronary syndrome (ACS) among patients in Germany. The study findings showed that despite receiving lipid-lowering therapy (LLT), only half of very high-risk patients achieved recommended lipid targets (<70 mg/dL) within 12 months post ACS
Key Takeaway
- The HYDRA-ACS registry investigating the clinical characteristics and current treatment of very high-risk patients with ACS and hyperlipidemia in Germany showed:
- Two-thirds of the patients received LLT at the time of index event, while all the patients received therapy at 12 months post event
- Statins were the most commonly prescribed LLT (85.0%), followed by cholesterol resorption inhibitors (32.9%)
- Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors (PCSK9i) were prescribed to only 0.7% of patients
- Only half (50%) of the patients achieved recommended target level of <70 mg/dL (2016 ESC/EAS dyslipidemia guideline), despite significant decrease in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level at 12-month follow-up
- Moderate increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (45 to 47 mg/dL) and decrease in triglycerides (148 to 119 mg/dL) were observed after 12 months
- Two-thirds of the patients received LLT at the time of index event, while all the patients received therapy at 12 months post event
- The study highlighted that an increased adoption of modern treatment approaches, such as PCSK9i, could improve the lipid target achievement in very high-risk patients in the future.
Why This Matters
- Patients with ACS are at high risk of subsequent cardiovascular (CV) events; therefore, long-term treatment of CV risk factors, such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension, or diabetes mellitus, is critical in preventing further progression.
- However, many patients do not achieve recommended target levels of LDL-C, despite receiving LLT.
- Therefore, HYDRA-ACS registry was initiated to provide insights into the current treatment situation for very high-risk patients with ACS and hyperlipidemia in Germany.
Study Design
- HYDRA-ACS study (national, prospective, multicenter, non-interventional registry) was conducted across 24 centers in Germany.
- Inclusion criteria: Adult ACS patients (≥18 years) with (i) LDL-C >155 mg/dL and first-degree relative with premature myocardial infarction (MI)/premature MI; (ii) LDL-C >190 mg/dL without premature MI/without premature MI in first-degree relative
- Study objectives (baseline to 12-month follow-up): (i) lipid target achievement as measured by LDL-C reduction over time and absolute and relative reductions in LDL-C; (ii) absolute and relative change in total cholesterol, HDL-C, and triglycerides; (iii) use of non-drug LLT (lifestyle and nutrition) and percentage of patients using non-drug LLT over time, as well as use of LLT and percentage of patients receiving LLT over time; (iv) drug utilization patterns for secondary prevention and percentage of patients receiving such pharmacotherapy over time; and (v) CV and cerebrovascular events over time, including percentage of patients with complications at baseline, and percentage of patients with non-fatal events since baseline
Key Results
- A total of 391 ACS patients were enrolled: After exclusion of 38 patients, baseline analysis set (BAS)* comprised of 353 patients and 140 patients were included in the full analysis set (FAS)*.
Key baseline characteristics in BAS and FAS group:
BAS (n= 353) | FAS (n = 140) | ||
Age, years (mean ± SD) | 57.3 ± 11.4 | 59.6 ± 11.3 | |
Males, % | 73.4 | 66.4 | |
BMI, kg/m2 (mean ± SD) | 32.9 | 25.7 | |
Cardiovascular history,% | Coronary heart disease | 32.9 | 25.7 |
Percutaneous intervention | 25.5 | 20.7 | |
Acute coronary syndrome | 23.0 | 19.3 | |
Comorbidities, % | Arterial hypertension | 68.6 | 70.7 |
Diabetes | 17.3 | 12.1 | |
Heart failure | 16.7 | 19.3 |
BAS, Baseline analysis set; BMI, Body mass index; FAS, Full analysis set; SD, Standard deviation
Cross-sectional analysis (BAS):
- Most common LLT: Statins (40.0%), cholesterol resorption inhibitors (9.4%)
- Lifestyle and nutrition: 46.2% of patients had no physical exercise, while only 15.0% exercised >3 times/week. 73.9% consumed fruits and vegetables at least 3 times/week, while 69.7% ate fish (<2 times/week). 47.9% of patients consumed alcohol (<2 drinks/day) and 45.6% were smokers
- Frequently used CV pharmacotherapies: Antihypertensives (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors [ACEi; 32.9%] and beta-blockers [23.8%]), platelet aggregation inhibitors (37.7%), and antidiabetic agents (10.5%)
- Lipid profile levels:
- Median LDL-C: 166 mg/dL; most patients (65.2%) had a level of >150 mg/dL, with only 5.1% having a level of <70 mg/dL
- Median total cholesterol: 235 mg/dL, of which 31.6% had a level >260 mg/dL
- Median HDL-C: 43 mg/dL; majority of patients (65.2%) had a level of <45 mg/dL (men) or <55 mg/dL (women)
- Median triglycerides: 162 mg/dL; 45.8% had a level of >172 mg/dL
Longitudinal analysis (FAS):
- Use of LLT (12 months vs baseline):
- Proportion of patients receiving statins (85.0% vs. 36.5%, P = 0.0002) and cholesterol resorption inhibitors (32.9% vs. 8.6%, P = 0.0003) notably increased
- Statin use peaked post-index event, but slightly declined by 12 months, while the use of cholesterol resorption inhibitor steadily increased from baseline after index event to 12-month follow-up
- Only 0.7% of patients were prescribed PCSK9i at 12 months after ACS o Use of combination therapy increased
- Lifestyle and nutrition: Proportion of patients engaging in no physical exercise decreased from 40.0% (baseline) to 24.0% at 12 months (P <0.0001); consumption of fruit and vegetables (P = 0.0222) and fish (P = 0.0162) increased, while alcohol decreased (P = 0.0019)
- CV pharmacotherapies: Increase in the proportion of patients (12 months vs baseline) receiving antihypertensives (mostly beta-blockers [64.3% vs 23.6%], diuretics [58.6% vs 17.9%], angiotensin II receptor blockers [30.0% vs 16.4%], and ACEi [42.1% vs 29.3%], P2Y12 antagonists (35.7% vs 9.3%), and other platelet aggregation inhibitors (77.9% vs 26.4%)
- Lipid profile levels:
- Median LDL-C: Significantly decreased at 12-month follow-up visit vs baseline, with increase in proportion of patients having levels <70 or <55 mg/dL.
- A moderate increase in median HDL-C and decrease in median triglyceride level were seen post 12 months
BAS (n = 353) | FAS (n = 140) | P value | ||
Baseline (cross-sectional analysis) | Baseline (Longitudinal analysis) | 12 months | (12 months vs baseline) | |
LDL-C, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 166 (128, 198) | 166 (129, 196) | 87 (70, 106) | <0.0001 |
>150 mg/dL, % | 65.2 | 63.6 | 7.1 | <0.0001 |
>100 mg/dL, % | 86.9 | 87.1 | 27.9 | <0.0001 |
<70 mg/dL, % (2016 ESC/EAS dyslipidemia guideline) | 5.1 | 5.7 | 50.0 | <0.0001 |
<55 mg/dL, % (2019 ESC/EAS guideline) | 0.9 | 1.4 | 6.4 | 0.0310 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 235 (194, 271) | 228 (200, 265) | 152 (135, 173) | <0.0001 |
>260 mg/dL, % | 31.6 | 26.9 | 0.8 | <0.0001 |
HDL-C, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 43 (36, 51) | 45 (39, 55) | 47 (39, 56) | 0.0235 |
m <45 / f <55, mg/dL, % | 62.5 | 58.3 | 53.7 | 0.1172 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 162 (111, 234) | 148 (103, 196) | 119 (90, 179) | 0.0080 |
>172 mg/dL, % | 45.8 | 38.4 | 28.0 | 0.0196 |
BAS, baseline analysis set; FAS, full analysis set; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; IQR, interquartile range; LDL, low-density lipoprotein
Outcomes assessed in FAS during 12-month follow-up:
- Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI; 25.9%), cardiac catheterization without PCI (12.9%), and MI (2.4%)
- Stroke and transient ischemic attack (0.0%)
- Overall, 38.8% of patients required hospitalization due to an event and 68.2% of patients received rehabilitation therapy
- No deaths were reported
Key Limitations
- Severe loss to follow-up of patients during the study period
- Differences in patient characteristics between those with and without follow-up, such as higher proportions of male patients, those with diabetes, and coronary heart disease might have impacted the outcomes data, requiring cautious interpretation of rates.
*BAS included eligible patients with documented entries in the first eCRF section (used for cross-sectional data analysis). FAS comprised all BAS patients with LDL-C and LLT documentation at index event and 12-month follow-up (used for longitudinal data analysis); Note: Conversion factor – to get from mg/dL to mmol/L for total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL: multiply by 0.02586 and for triglycerides: multiply by 0.01129
Please refer source publication Gitt AK, et al for additional details.