Development of insulin formulations and routes of delivery with more favorable pk characteristics
Strategies	Advantages	Limitations
Intranasal insulin	Significantly faster onset and offset in action with potential to reduce residual insulin activity associated with pre-exercise meal bolus	Not widely available Long-term safety is not clear
Continuous intraperitoneal insulin infusion	Faster onset and offset action Improves HbA1c with less hypoglycemia	Invasive procedures Carries risk of infection and immunogenicity
Intravenous (IV) CL insulin delivery models	Rapid delivery with no delay in absorption Would bypass limitations of SC route	Invasive Prone to complications such as infections, thrombosis Less feasible for ambulatory use