IMD burden among adolescents
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IMD: Only with Neisseria meningitis, carriers could transmit the disease to both infants and elderly
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Worldwide carriage rates are low during infancy & peak at 19 Years of age1
Meta-analysis of 89 Studies in 28 Countries1
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1. Carried asymptomatically in the URT of 8-25% of healthy individuals (<1% of carriers become symptomatic) 1
2. Carriage may be much higher in closed communities 1, University halls, Military camps, and Boarding schools
3. Pharyngeal carriage is a precondition for IMD
4. Young adults are the most common source of transmission to the community2
5. Up to 10% of adolescents and adults are asymptomatic transient carriers 3
References
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Christensen. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10(12);
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Pelton. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28(4);
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CDC. In: Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. (The Pink Book) 13th ed. 2015
UK 2017: Risk of IMD in University Students in England
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University students, particularly first years entering direct from school, are at higher risk for IMD than non-students
Reference
- Sema Mandal, Risk of invasive meningococcal disease in university students in England and optimal strategies for protection using MenACWY vaccine, Vaccine 35 (2017) 5814–5818
2019: Observational study of nasopharyngeal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis in applicants to a military academy in the Russian Federation
Design:
- A prospective, observational study of adults aged >18 years from a military academy; applicants who had samples taken on arrival (Day 1- 671 applicants), (Day 30- 261 applicants) and 60 days- 261 applicants ).
- N. meningitidis serogrouping was determined
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Results: N. meningitidis was detected in:
- 6.2% of samples from Day 1,
- 7.7% of samples from Day 30
- 5.9% of samples from Day 60.
N.b. Of the 20 carriers identified at Day 30, 11 were included negative results at Day 1
Serogroup composition: Day 1, 40% serogroup B and 9% serogroup W dominant and Day 60, 58% serogroup W.
Conclusions: There was an increase in carriers of serogroup W in this population. Given recent increases in outbreaks attributed to serogroup W.
2019 Global incidence of IMD in adolescents by country
Incidence per 100,000 persons
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Reference
- Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2019, vol. 15, no. 2, 459–469 https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2018.1528831
2020: Meningococcal Carriage in Norwegian teenagers
Method:
- Oropharyngeal swabs were collected from secondary-school students in southeastern Norway in 2018–2019.
- Samples were obtained from 2296 12–24-year-olds (majority 13–19-year-olds).
Results:
- N. meningitidis was identified in 167 (7.3%) individuals.
- The highest carriage rate was found among 18-year-olds (16.4%).
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Prevalence of carriers of N. meningitidis by age (n = 2296; carriers of N. meningitidis n = 167).
Reference
- S. V. Watle et al, Epidemiol Infect. 2020; 148: e80. Published online 2020 Mar 31. doi: 10.1017/S0950268820000734
2021: The Burden of IMD in adolescents and adults in (MENA) Region summary of studies for Neisseria meningitidis
Kuwait | Husain et al. [38] |
1987-2013 | National population-based surveillance data 293 cases reported |
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Saudi Arabia | Mmeish et al. [39] |
1995-2011 | All IMD cases in the national surveillance data |
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Abbreviations
CFR case fatality rate, IMD invasive meningococcal disease, MenA meningococcal serogroup A, MenACWY quadrivalent meningococcal vaccine, MenB meningococcal serogroup B, MenW meningococcal serogroup W, OR odds ratio
Reference
- Infec Dis Ther (221) 10:663–685, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40121-021-00420-y
Epidemiology of meningitis in Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates, 2000—2005
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Reference
- International Journal of Infectious Diseases (2007) 11, 309—312